Language.Haskell.TH.Syntax

The Quote class implements the minimal interface which is necessary for desugaring quotations.

• The Monad m superclass is needed to stitch together the different AST fragments.

• newName is used when desugaring binding structures such as lambdas to generate fresh names.

Therefore the type of an untyped quotation in GHC is `Quote m => m Exp`

For many years the type of a quotation was fixed to be `Q Exp` but by more precisely specifying the minimal interface it enables the Exp to be extracted purely from the quotation without interacting with Q.

A Haskell expression.

A case-alternative

A clause consists of patterns, guards, a body expression, and a list of declarations under a where. Clauses are seen in equations for function definitions, case-experssions, explicitly-bidirectional pattern synonyms, etc.

In short, Q provides the Quasi operations in one neat monad for the user.

The longer story, is that Q wraps an arbitrary Quasi-able monad. The perceptive reader notices that Quasi has only two instances, Q itself and IO, neither of which have concrete implementations.Q plays the trick of dependency inversion, providing an abstract interface for the user which is later concretely fufilled by an concrete Quasi instance, internal to GHC.

Pattern in Haskell given in {}

A single statement, as in do-notation.

A data constructor.

The constructors for Con can roughly be divided up into two categories: those for constructors with "vanilla" syntax (NormalC, RecC, and InfixC), and those for constructors with GADT syntax (GadtC and RecGadtC). The ForallC constructor, which quantifies additional type variables and class contexts, can surround either variety of constructor. However, the type variables that it quantifies are different depending on what constructor syntax is used:

• If a ForallC surrounds a constructor with vanilla syntax, then the ForallC will only quantify existential type variables. For example:

  data Foo a = forall b. MkFoo a b
  

In MkFoo, ForallC will quantify b, but not a.

• If a ForallC surrounds a constructor with GADT syntax, then the ForallC will quantify all type variables used in the constructor. For example:

  data Bar a b where
    MkBar :: (a ~ b) => c -> MkBar a b
  

In MkBar, ForallC will quantify a, b, and c.

Multiplicity annotations for data types are currently not supported in Template Haskell (i.e. all fields represented by Template Haskell will be linear).

A Haskell type.

A single declaration.

A type with a strictness annotation, as in data constructors. See Con.

BangType, but for record fields. See Con.

A (field name, expression) pair. See RecConE and RecUpdE.

A (field name, pattern) pair. See RecP.

An abstract type representing names in the syntax tree.

Names can be constructed in several ways, which come with different name-capture guarantees (see Language.Haskell.TH.Syntax#namecapture for an explanation of name capture):

• the built-in syntax 'f and ''T can be used to construct names, The expression 'f gives a Name which refers to the value f currently in scope, and ''T gives a Name which refers to the type T currently in scope. These names can never be captured.

• lookupValueName and lookupTypeName are similar to 'f and ''T respectively, but the Names are looked up at the point where the current splice is being run. These names can never be captured.

• newName monadically generates a new name, which can never be captured.

• mkName generates a capturable name.

Names constructed using newName and mkName may be used in bindings (such as let x = ... or x -> ...), but names constructed using lookupValueName, lookupTypeName, 'f, ''T may not.

Functional dependency syntax, as in a class declaration.

Since the advent of ConstraintKinds, constraints are really just types. Equality constraints use the EqualityT constructor. Constraints may also be tuples of other constraints.

A binder found in the forall of a RULES pragma.

One equation of a type family instance or closed type family. The arguments are the left-hand-side type and the right-hand-side result.

For instance, if you had the following type family:

type family Foo (a :: k) :: k where
  forall k (a :: k). Foo @k a = a

The Foo @k a = a equation would be represented as follows:

TySynEqn (Just [PlainTV k, KindedTV a (VarT k)])
           (AppT (AppKindT (ConT ''Foo) (VarT k)) (VarT a))
           (VarT a)

Injectivity annotation as in an injective type family

To avoid duplication between kinds and types, they are defined to be the same. Naturally, you would never have a type be StarT and you would never have a kind be SigT, but many of the other constructors are shared. Note that the kind Bool is denoted with ConT, not PromotedT. Similarly, tuple kinds are made with TupleT, not PromotedTupleT.

Varieties of allowed instance overlap.

A single deriving clause at the end of a datatype declaration.

What the user explicitly requests when deriving an instance with -XDerivingStrategies.

Represents an expression which has type a, built in monadic context m. Built on top of TExp, typed expressions allow for type-safe splicing via:

• typed quotes, written as [|| ... ||] where ... is an expression; if that expression has type a, then the quotation has type Quote m => Code m a

• typed splices inside of typed quotes, written as $$(...) where ... is an arbitrary expression of type Quote m => Code m a

Traditional expression quotes and splices let us construct ill-typed expressions:

>>> fmap ppr $ runQ (unTypeCode [| True == $( [| "foo" |] ) |])GHC.Internal.Types.True GHC.Internal.Classes.== "foo">>> GHC.Internal.Types.True GHC.Internal.Classes.== "foo"<interactive> error:    • Couldn't match expected type ‘Bool’ with actual type ‘[Char]’    • In the second argument of ‘(==)’, namely ‘"foo"’      In the expression: True == "foo"      In an equation for ‘it’: it = True == "foo"

With typed expressions, the type error occurs when constructing the Template Haskell expression:

>>> fmap ppr $ runQ (unTypeCode [|| True == $$( [|| "foo" ||] ) ||])<interactive> error:    • Couldn't match type ‘[Char]’ with ‘Bool’      Expected type: Code Q Bool        Actual type: Code Q [Char]    • In the Template Haskell quotation [|| "foo" ||]      In the expression: [|| "foo" ||]      In the Template Haskell splice $$([|| "foo" ||])

The name of a module.

Adds a core plugin to the compilation pipeline.

addCorePlugin m has almost the same effect as passing -fplugin=m to ghc in the command line. The major difference is that the plugin module m must not belong to the current package. When TH executes, it is too late to tell the compiler that we needed to compile first a plugin module in the current package.

Record external files that runIO is using (dependent upon). The compiler can then recognize that it should re-compile the Haskell file when an external file changes.

Expects an absolute file path.

Notes:

• ghc -M does not know about these dependencies - it does not execute TH.

• The dependency is based on file content, not a modification time

Same as addForeignSource, but expects to receive a path pointing to the foreign file instead of a String of its contents. Consider using this in conjunction with addTempFile.

This is a good alternative to addForeignSource when you are trying to directly link in an object file.

Emit a foreign file which will be compiled and linked to the object for the current module. Currently only languages that can be compiled with the C compiler are supported, and the flags passed as part of -optc will be also applied to the C compiler invocation that will compile them.

Note that for non-C languages (for example C++) extern C directives must be used to get symbols that we can access from Haskell.

To get better errors, it is recommended to use #line pragmas when emitting C files, e.g.

{-# LANGUAGE CPP #-}
...
addForeignSource LangC $ unlines
  [ "#line " ++ show (865 + 1) ++ " " ++ show "libraries/ghc-internal/src/GHC/Internal/TH/Syntax.hs"
  , ...
  ]

Add a finalizer that will run in the Q monad after the current module has been type checked. This only makes sense when run within a top-level splice.

The finalizer is given the local type environment at the splice point. Thus reify is able to find the local definitions when executed inside the finalizer.

Obtain a temporary file path with the given suffix. The compiler will delete this file after compilation.

Add additional top-level declarations. The added declarations will be type checked along with the current declaration group.

Variant of (>>=) which allows effectful computations to be injected into code generation.

Variant of (>>) which allows effectful computations to be injected into code generation.

Internal helper function.

Default fixity: infixl 9

List all enabled language extensions.

Retrieves the Haddock documentation at the specified location, if one exists. It can be used to read documentation on things defined outside of the current module, provided that those modules were compiled with the -haddock flag.

Get the package root for the current package which is being compiled. This can be set explicitly with the -package-root flag but is normally just the current working directory.

The motivation for this flag is to provide a principled means to remove the assumption from splices that they will be executed in the directory where the cabal file resides. Projects such as haskell-language-server can't and don't change directory when compiling files but instead set the -package-root flag appropriately.

Get state from the Q monad. Note that the state is local to the Haskell module in which the Template Haskell expression is executed.

Internal helper function.

Modify the ambient monad used during code generation. For example, you can use hoistCode to handle a state effect: handleState :: Code (StateT Int Q) a -> Code Q a handleState = hoistCode (flip runState 0)

Determine whether the given language extension is enabled in the Q monad.

Is the list of instances returned by reifyInstances nonempty?

If you're confused by an instance not being visible despite being defined in the same module and above the splice in question, see the docs for newDeclarationGroup for a possible explanation.

A useful combinator for embedding monadic actions into Code myCode :: ... => Code m a myCode = joinCode $ do x <- someSideEffect return (makeCodeWith x)

Lift a monadic action producing code into the typed Code representation

The location at which this computation is spliced.

Look up the given name in the (type namespace of the) current splice's scope. See Language.Haskell.TH.Syntax#namelookup for more details.

Look up the given name in the (value namespace of the) current splice's scope. See Language.Haskell.TH.Syntax#namelookup for more details.

Synonym for 'Many, from ghc-internal.

Highest allowed operator precedence for Fixity constructor (answer: 9)

Used for 'x etc, but not available to the programmer

Only used internally

Smart constructor for OccName

Smart constructor for PkgName

Generate a capturable name. Occurrences of such names will be resolved according to the Haskell scoping rules at the occurrence site.

For example:

f = [| pi + $(varE (mkName "pi")) |]
...
g = let pi = 3 in $f

In this case, g is desugared to

g = Prelude.pi + 3

Note that mkName may be used with qualified names:

mkName "Prelude.pi"

See also dyn for a useful combinator. The above example could be rewritten using dyn as

f = [| pi + $(dyn "pi") |]

Only used internally

Extract the untyped representation from the typed representation

Smart constructor for ModName

Unsafely convert an untyped code representation into a typed code representation.

Only used internally

Accessor for ModName

The name without its module prefix.

Examples

>>> nameBase ''Data.Either.Either"Either">>> nameBase (mkName "foo")"foo">>> nameBase (mkName "Module.foo")"foo"

Module prefix of a name, if it exists.

Examples

>>> nameModule ''Data.Either.EitherJust "Data.Either">>> nameModule (mkName "foo")Nothing>>> nameModule (mkName "Module.foo")Just "Module"

A name's package, if it exists.

Examples

>>> namePackage ''Data.Either.EitherJust "base">>> namePackage (mkName "foo")Nothing>>> namePackage (mkName "Module.foo")Nothing

Returns whether a name represents an occurrence of a top-level variable (VarName), data constructor (DataName), type constructor, or type class (TcClsName). If we can't be sure, it returns Nothing.

Examples

>>> nameSpace 'Prelude.idJust VarName>>> nameSpace (mkName "id")Nothing -- only works for top-level variable names>>> nameSpace 'Data.Maybe.JustJust DataName>>> nameSpace ''Data.Maybe.MaybeJust TcClsName>>> nameSpace ''Data.Ord.OrdJust TcClsName

Template Haskell is capable of reifying information about types and terms defined in previous declaration groups. Top-level declaration splices break up declaration groups.

For an example, consider this code block. We define a datatype X and then try to call reify on the datatype.

module Check where

data X = X
    deriving Eq

$(do
    info <- reify ''X
    runIO $ print info
 )

This code fails to compile, noting that X is not available for reification at the site of reify. We can fix this by creating a new declaration group using an empty top-level splice:

data X = X
    deriving Eq

$(pure [])

$(do
    info <- reify ''X
    runIO $ print info
 )

We provide newDeclarationGroup as a means of documenting this behavior and providing a name for the pattern.

Since top level splices infer the presence of the $( ... ) brackets, we can also write:

data X = X
    deriving Eq

newDeclarationGroup

$(do
    info <- reify ''X
    runIO $ print info
 )

Accessor for OccName

Synonym for 'One, from ghc-internal.

Accessor for PkgName

Add Haddock documentation to the specified location. This will overwrite any documentation at the location if it already exists. This will reify the specified name, so it must be in scope when you call it. If you want to add documentation to something that you are currently splicing, you can use addModFinalizer e.g.

do
  let nm = mkName "x"
  addModFinalizer $ putDoc (DeclDoc nm) "Hello"
  [d| $(varP nm) = 42 |]

The helper functions withDecDoc and withDecsDoc will do this for you, as will the funD_doc and other _doc combinators. You most likely want to have the -haddock flag turned on when using this. Adding documentation to anything outside of the current module will cause an error.

Replace the state in the Q monad. Note that the state is local to the Haskell module in which the Template Haskell expression is executed.

Recover from errors raised by reportError or fail.

reify looks up information about the Name. It will fail with a compile error if the Name is not visible. A Name is visible if it is imported or defined in a prior top-level declaration group. See the documentation for newDeclarationGroup for more details.

It is sometimes useful to construct the argument name using lookupTypeName or lookupValueName to ensure that we are reifying from the right namespace. For instance, in this context:

data D = D

which D does reify (mkName "D") return information about? (Answer: D-the-type, but don't rely on it.) To ensure we get information about D-the-value, use lookupValueName:

do
  Just nm <- lookupValueName "D"
  reify nm

and to get information about D-the-type, use lookupTypeName.

reifyAnnotations target returns the list of annotations associated with target. Only the annotations that are appropriately typed is returned. So if you have Int and String annotations for the same target, you have to call this function twice.

reifyConStrictness nm looks up the strictness information for the fields of the constructor with the name nm. Note that the strictness information that reifyConStrictness returns may not correspond to what is written in the source code. For example, in the following data declaration:

data Pair a = Pair a a

reifyConStrictness would return [DecidedLazy, DecidedLazy] under most circumstances, but it would return [DecidedStrict, DecidedStrict] if the -XStrictData language extension was enabled.

reifyFixity nm attempts to find a fixity declaration for nm. For example, if the function foo has the fixity declaration infixr 7 foo, then reifyFixity 'foo would return Just (Fixity 7 InfixR). If the function bar does not have a fixity declaration, then reifyFixity 'bar returns Nothing, so you may assume bar has defaultFixity.

reifyInstances nm tys returns a list of all visible instances (see below for "visible") of nm tys. That is, if nm is the name of a type class, then all instances of this class at the types tys are returned. Alternatively, if nm is the name of a data family or type family, all instances of this family at the types tys are returned.

Note that this is a "shallow" test; the declarations returned merely have instance heads which unify with nm tys, they need not actually be satisfiable.

• reifyInstances ''Eq [ TupleT 2 `AppT` ConT ''A `AppT` ConT ''B ] contains the instance (Eq a, Eq b) => Eq (a, b) regardless of whether A and B themselves implement Eq

• reifyInstances ''Show [ VarT (mkName "a") ] produces every available instance of Show

There is one edge case: reifyInstances ''Typeable tys currently always produces an empty list (no matter what tys are given).

In principle, the *visible* instances are * all instances defined in a prior top-level declaration group (see docs on newDeclarationGroup), or * all instances defined in any module transitively imported by the module being compiled

However, actually searching all modules transitively below the one being compiled is unreasonably expensive, so reifyInstances will report only the instance for modules that GHC has had some cause to visit during this compilation. This is a shortcoming: reifyInstances might fail to report instances for a type that is otherwise unusued, or instances defined in a different component. You can work around this shortcoming by explicitly importing the modules whose instances you want to be visible. GHC issue #20529 has some discussion around this.

reifyModule mod looks up information about module mod. To look up the current module, call this function with the return value of thisModule.

reifyRoles nm returns the list of roles associated with the parameters (both visible and invisible) of the tycon nm. Fails if nm cannot be found or is not a tycon. The returned list should never contain InferR.

An invisible parameter to a tycon is often a kind parameter. For example, if we have

type Proxy :: forall k. k -> Type
data Proxy a = MkProxy

and reifyRoles Proxy, we will get [NominalR, PhantomR]. The NominalR is the role of the invisible k parameter. Kind parameters are always nominal.

reifyType nm attempts to find the type or kind of nm. For example, reifyType 'not returns Bool -> Bool, and reifyType ''Bool returns Type. This works even if there's no explicit signature and the type or kind is inferred.

Report an error (True) or warning (False), but carry on; use fail to stop.

Report an error to the user, but allow the current splice's computation to carry on. To abort the computation, use fail.

Report a warning to the user, and carry on.

The runIO function lets you run an I/O computation in the Q monad. Take care: you are guaranteed the ordering of calls to runIO within a single Q computation, but not about the order in which splices are run.

Note: for various murky reasons, stdout and stderr handles are not necessarily flushed when the compiler finishes running, so you should flush them yourself.

This function is only used in GHC.HsToCore.Quote when desugaring brackets. This is not necessary for the user, who can use the ordinary return and (>>=) operations.

"Runs" the Q monad. Normal users of Template Haskell should not need this function, as the splice brackets $( ... ) are the usual way of running a Q computation.

This function is primarily used in GHC internals, and for debugging splices by running them in IO.

Note that many functions in Q, such as reify and other compiler queries, are not supported when running Q in IO; these operations simply fail at runtime. Indeed, the only operations guaranteed to succeed are newName, runIO, reportError and reportWarning.

Internal helper function.

Tuple data constructor

Tuple type constructor

Discard the type annotation and produce a plain Template Haskell expression

Representation-polymorphic since template-haskell-2.16.0.0.

Unboxed sum data constructor

Unboxed sum type constructor

Unboxed tuple data constructor

Unboxed tuple type constructor

Annotate the Template Haskell expression with a type

This is unsafe because GHC cannot check for you that the expression really does have the type you claim it has.

Representation-polymorphic since template-haskell-2.16.0.0.

Foreign formats supported by GHC via TH